Too big to surveil: the fourth amendment illuminated by ‘modern lights’ and shadowed by obsta principiis in a post-Carpenter world concerned with privacy

The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution functions as a shield against excess governmental or police power by prohibiting unreasonable searches and seizures. Since its ratification, legal challenges have tempered this shield by frequently disputing the application of investigative processes and tools, including those that bypass the traditional – and simpler – analysis that focused on physical trespass. But recent technological advancements have prompted novel challenges and have forced the U.S. Supreme Court to adopt a parallel inquiry that evaluates society’s expectations of privacy as an alternate path to invoke the Fourth Amendment’s protections apart from any physical trespass. As revolutionary technology continues to present unique issues, this 200-year-old shield manifests a reflective luster as if polished by years of legal discourse that reveals the priorities of those who would interpret its text. Viewing the Fourth Amendment’s shield as a mirror illustrates not only the thoughts of the drafters that revolved primarily around protecting property interests but also the expectations of modern society with its insistence on promoting privacy. And where the drafters channeled their outrage against the loathsome writs of assistance in colonial times, later Americans continued to denounce the similarly invasive general warrants and attempts by investigators to expand the tools in their arsenal beyond constitutional bounds, especially in the surveillance context. Yet, the problems posed by new technology upon privacy concerns are best resolved by relying on the core principles supporting the Fourth Amendment, previous U.S. Supreme Court precedent, and current societal perspectives regarding privacy as a top priority proven by recently enacted legislation both foreign and domestic.

By applying a similar method to address advancing communication technology and its use as a surveillance tool in Carpenter v. United States, the Court turned this shield-become-mirror upon society to conclude that cell phone location information deserves Fourth Amendment protection because of its untiring comprehensiveness and its uniquely detailed nature. Moreover, nearly every American adult carries a cell phone with them almost all the time, making it possible to create a time-stamped map of any cell-phone-carrying-individual’s movements reaching back years and years. Unfortunately, the Carpenter Court did not extend this crucial protection far enough to protect all cell phone location data, and the unmistakable gap in its holding leaves a potential privacy vulnerability the exploitation of which could cause greater harm than all previously disputed surveillance technology combined because of cell phone usage’s general – near universal – applicability. Allowing cell phone location information to be obtained without probable cause and a proper search warrant not only fails to meet the spirit of the Fourth Amendment, it also begins to tarnish that shield such that it no longer reflects historical or current societal values, reducing its goal of protecting Americans to a hollow incantation of words left to languish as time (and technology) marches on.     

融合情感与语义信息的情感分析方法

在使用词嵌入法进行词转向量时，两个反义词会转换成相近的向量。如果这两个词是情感词，将会导致词的情感信息的丢失，这在情感分析任务中是不合理的。为了解决这个问题，提出了一种在词嵌入的基础上增加情感向量来获取情感信息的方法。首先利用情感词典资源构建情感向量，将其与词嵌入法得到的词向量融合在一起；然后采用双向长短期记忆（BiLSTM）网络获取文本的特征；最后对文本的情感进行分类。在4个数据集上分别对该方法与未融合情感向量的方法进行了实验。实验结果表明所提方法分类准确度与F1值都高于未融合方法，说明了加入情感向量有助于提高情感分析的性能。     

煤矿科室工作信息管理系统设计

为了提高了煤矿工作者的工作效率和矿井安全程度，设计了煤矿科室工作信息管理系统，分析了系统的关键技术，主要为J2EE技术和B/S和C/S的体系结构；根据现场调研，对系统需求进行了分析，然后设计了系统总体架构和系统功能模块。煤矿科室工作信息管理系统的应用，减少了人力资源的浪费，确保了信息的保存和查询的安全性。     

河津腾晖煤业生产监控与调度信息集成系统的实践

以河津腾晖煤业公司为例,设计了煤矿生产监控与调度信息集成系统,并进行了实践应用。该集成系统建立了容纳众多异构监控系统的数据中心,使煤矿生产过程自动化监控系统之间、数字监控与视频监控系统之间、自动化系统与调度信息化之间的数字鸿沟消隐于无形。该系统可以使各监控系统之间的信息资源共享,监控系统之间可以实现联动,进而实现异地远程集中再控制。     

试论煤炭资源开采安全生产技术

在中国经济发展的过程中,煤炭是最重要的消耗能源,提高煤炭资源的开采水平具有重要的现实意义。近年来,中国开展了各项活动来保证煤炭资源的开采安全,同时还出台了相关的措施来加强对煤炭安全生产的管理,这使得煤炭资源的开采与生产形势开始好转。但是在煤炭开采的过程中,人员的伤亡率仍然比较高,因此,在煤炭资源开采过程中,研发安全的生产技术是十分必要的。     

Consumer perception of extruded snacks containing brown rice and dried mushroom

Effects of mushroom type, seasoning and health benefit information (HBI) on consumers’ saltiness expectation, sensory liking, elicited emotions and purchase intent (PI) of extruded snacks were investigated. Five snacks were evaluated: straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) extrudates without (SME) or with seasoning (SMES), phoenix mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) extrudates without (PME) or with seasoning (PMES), and the control without mushroom and seasoning. Hedonic scores and positive emotions were generally higher for seasoned mushroom-containing snacks (SMES and PMES) with 65% and 75.83% of consumers reporting willingness to purchase, respectively, after receiving HBI. Bored, interested and satisfied were identified as significant emotional predictors for PI odds. Flavour, saltiness, overall liking, bored, good and interested were critical attributes, differentiating snacks. This study demonstrated that sensory liking and PI of extruded brown rice-based snacks containing mushroom could be improved through savoury seasoning addition, which also allowed saltiness expectations to be met.     

高大软岩边坡下开采程序研究

结合胜利煤田发生大型滑坡的露天矿地质赋存条件，以高大软岩边坡条件下松散物料压覆的煤炭资源安全高效回收为目标，提出采用“横采内排-尾随压脚”的开采程序方案将工作线从直线型变为“Π”字型。从地表水与地下水防治、边坡安全监测等方面提出了保证工程顺利实施的安全保障措施。计算分析了采用“横采内排-尾随压脚”开采程序方案的可观资源回收量及减少运距和提升高度带来的经济效益，同时对矿山实现可持续发展和安全开采的价值进行了预测。     

含油污泥资源化处理方法进展

为更好地回收含油污泥（即油泥）中可用资源，国内外油泥资源化处理方法不断更新和突破，并在室内实验研究阶段取得较好的处理效果。本文从油泥的高温热处理法、常温法、低温冻融法三个方面综述了热解、微波、萃取等油泥资源化处理方法的研究进展、优缺点以及适用条件等。热解法油品回收率达95.8%，具有油泥处置彻底、油品回收质量高的特点。电动力学法处理油泥，油泥减量化达44.3%，采用浮选法，油泥减量化达95%，两种方法均具有操作简单、易实施、适合大批量处理的特点，工程化应用潜力较大。油泥来源不同，性质各异，采用单一技术难以实现大量油泥的资源化和无害化目标。多项技术联合，如热解法联合浮选法或电动力学法处理大规模油泥能提高油品回收率和质量，降低残油率和处理成本，将成为油泥资源化处理技术的发展方向。     

基于互信息和PID神经网络的SCR脱硝扰动补偿控制

针对火电厂选择性催化还原(Selective Catalytic Reduction，SCR)烟气脱硝系统机理复杂，工况变化时呈现的不确定性、强扰动等特点，提出了一种基于互信息和PID神经网络的SCR烟气脱硝扰动补偿控制方法。利用PID前向神经网络的学习性能逼近被控对象的逆构成扰动观测器对系统进行反馈补偿，以达到超前消除系统扰动的目的。选取观测扰动和系统扰动的互信息为目标函数，采用改进的帝国竞争算法实现PID神经网络权值的优化调整。设计鲁棒PID控制器来进一步克服被控对象存在的不确定性。仿真实验表明，该方法具有突出的抗干扰能力和较好的鲁棒性，控制品质优于常规的PID控制。     

大类招生背景下电子信息类专业人才培养模式的探索与思考

“大类招生、分流培养”已成为大多数高校采取的招生和培养思路，如何确定大类招生包含的专业、合理制定分流原则、制定科学的课程体系、完善相关的配套制度，不仅关系高校招生生源质量，而且影响高校人才培养质量。本文以北京交通大学电子信息工程学院为例，详细阐述了电子信息类专业人才培养模式的探索和思考。